Nature · 2006
One question drove me as a scientist more than any other: when did nature first hit upon using venom to hunt and to defend itself? For decades it was known that modern snakes and their distant relatives, the lizards, are venomous. Both groups, snakes as well as lizards, belong to the order of scaled reptiles. Since their lineages split many millions of years ago, science long assumed that venom was a case of so-called convergent evolution, much like the eye in mammals and squid. Convergent evolution means that nature arrives at a very similar solution twice, along completely separate paths.
In this paper we describe the opposite, pushing the evolutionary story back by at least 100 million years. The principle of venom in reptiles, so fundamental and so feared in our world, must go back to a single, long-extinct ancestor. The venom cocktails of snakes and lizards are simply too alike.
This work was groundbreaking for several reasons. For me, the most fascinating thought is that, at the point in time we discuss, some 200 million years ago, we find ourselves in the age of the dinosaurs …





